What is Gamma H2AX antibody?
Gamma H2AX (gammaH2AX) is the phosphorylated version of histone H2AX and is a marker for double-stranded breaks (DSBs) caused by DNA damage (1-4).
What is yh2ax?
H2AX is a variant of the H2A protein family, which is a component of the histone octomer in nucleosomes. It is phosphorylated by kinases such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM-Rad3-related (ATR) in the PI3K pathway.
What is Gamma H2AX assay?
The γ-H2AX assay has been applied for a variety of human tissues and cells. The best way to monitor the efficiency of cancer therapy would be to directly assay tumour biopsies [29], although a high variability of responses can occur due to cellular heterogeneity and vascularization.
What are 53BP1 foci?
Several observations suggest that the 53BP1 foci represent sites of DNA DSB processing. First, 53BP1 foci were induced by agents that cause DNA DSBs, but not by agents that cause DNA damage other than DSBs or by agents that block DNA replication.
What is the function of RAD51?
Normal Function The RAD51 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is essential for repairing damaged DNA. Breaks in DNA can be caused by natural and medical radiation or other environmental exposures, and also occur when chromosomes exchange genetic material in preparation for cell division.
Does ATM phosphorylate H2AX?
It is widely accepted that ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein) phosphorylates H2AX in response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs).
How do Chk1 inhibitors work?
Chk1 inhibition regulates Chk1 phosphorylation. In DNA damage response, Chk1 arrests cell cycle progression following genotoxic stress and stalled replication to prevent the entry of cells with damaged DNA into mitosis [11].
What protein does RAD51 code for?
DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 is a protein encoded by the gene RAD51. The enzyme encoded by this gene is a member of the RAD51 protein family which assists in repair of DNA double strand breaks. RAD51 family members are homologous to the bacterial RecA, Archaeal RadA and yeast Rad51.
What is RAD51 marker?
RAD51, also known as RECA, is a recombinase that performs the critical step in homologous recombination. RAD51 has recently received considerable attention due to its function in tumor progression and its decisive role in tumor resistance to chemotherapy.
What are the functions of ATM and ATR proteins?
Both ATM and ATR are activated by DNA damage and DNA replication stress, but their DNA-damage specificities are distinct and their functions are not redundant. Furthermore, ATM and ATR often work together to signal DNA damage and regulate downstream processes.