What is the carbonization process?

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The carbonization process essentially is the conversion, by progressive heating, of a three-dimensional organic macromolecular system (e. g. coals, woods, nutshells, etc.) to a three-dimensional “macro-atomic” network of carbon atoms.

Why is carbonization considered a complex reaction?

Since carbonization is a pyrolytic reaction, it is considered a complex process in which many reactions take place concurrently such as dehydrogenation, condensation, hydrogen transfer and isomerization. Carbonization differs from coalification in that it occurs much faster, due to its reaction rate being faster by many orders of magnitude.

What is the mass fraction of carbon in carbonization?

For example, at T ∼ 1200 K the carbon content of the residue exceeds a mass fraction of 90 wt.%, whereas at T ∼ 1600 K more than 99 wt.% carbon is found. Carbonization is often exothermic, which means that it could in principle be made self-sustaining and be used as a source of energy that does not produce carbon dioxide. (See.)

Does carbonization prevent further alteration of δ 13 C due to microbial degradation?

Overall, these studies confirm that carbonization prevents further alteration of the δ 13 C due to microbial degradation.

Does carbonization offset the effects of carbonization on non-charred wood?

However, it is likely that this offset was mainly caused by the larger diagenetic alteration of non-charred wood, rather than by the effect of carbonization ( Aguilera et al., 2011; Poole et al., 2004 ).

What is the carbonisation of wool?

Carbonisation is performed on woollen items to remove traces of vegetable matter. The process can be carried out either in conjunction with raw scouring or at the fabric processing stage, depending on the level of impurities and the end use of the wool ( Cooper, 1978; OECD, 1981 ).

Does δ 13 C change with carbonization?

As pointed out by Ferrio et al. (2007), and later by Nitsch et al. (2015), changes in δ 13 C with carbonization are only meaningful under moderate charring conditions allowing the preservation of remains in archaeological contexts.